Locking Down External Access with DNS-Based Policies

This document serves as an introduction for using Cilium to enforce DNS-based security policies for Kubernetes pods.

If you haven’t read the Introduction to Cilium & Hubble yet, we’d encourage you to do that first.

The best way to get help if you get stuck is to ask a question on Cilium Slack. With Cilium contributors across the globe, there is almost always someone available to help.

Setup Cilium

If you have not set up Cilium yet, follow the guide Cilium Quick Installation for instructions on how to quickly bootstrap a Kubernetes cluster and install Cilium. If in doubt, pick the minikube route, you will be good to go in less than 5 minutes.

Deploy the Demo Application

DNS-based policies are very useful for controlling access to services running outside the Kubernetes cluster. DNS acts as a persistent service identifier for both external services provided by AWS, Google, Twilio, Stripe, etc., and internal services such as database clusters running in private subnets outside Kubernetes. CIDR or IP-based policies are cumbersome and hard to maintain as the IPs associated with external services can change frequently. The Cilium DNS-based policies provide an easy mechanism to specify access control while Cilium manages the harder aspects of tracking DNS to IP mapping.

In this guide we will learn about:

Controlling egress access to services outside the cluster using DNS-based policies
Using patterns (or wildcards) to whitelist a subset of DNS domains
Combining DNS, port and L7 rules for restricting access to external service

In line with our Star Wars theme examples, we will use a simple scenario where the Empire’s mediabot pods need access to GitHub for managing the Empire’s git repositories. The pods shouldn’t have access to any other external service.

$ kubectl create -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cilium/cilium/1.14.2/examples/kubernetes-dns/dns-sw-app.yaml
$ kubectl wait pod/mediabot --for=condition=Ready
$ kubectl get pods
NAME                             READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod/mediabot                     1/1     Running   0          14s

Apply DNS Egress Policy

The following Cilium network policy allows mediabot pods to only access api.github.com.

apiVersion: "cilium.io/v2"
kind: CiliumNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: "fqdn"
spec:
  endpointSelector:
    matchLabels:
      org: empire
      class: mediabot
  egress:
  - toFQDNs:
    - matchName: "api.github.com"
  - toEndpoints:
    - matchLabels:
        "k8s:io.kubernetes.pod.namespace": kube-system
        "k8s:k8s-app": kube-dns
    toPorts:
    - ports:
      - port: "53"
        protocol: ANY
      rules:
        dns:
        - matchPattern: "*"

apiVersion: "cilium.io/v2"
kind: CiliumNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: "fqdn"
spec:
  endpointSelector:
    matchLabels:
      org: empire
      class: mediabot
  egress:
  - toFQDNs:
    - matchName: "api.github.com"  
  - toEndpoints:
    - matchLabels:
        "k8s:io.kubernetes.pod.namespace": openshift-dns
    toPorts:
    - ports:
      - port: "5353"
        protocol: ANY
      rules:
        dns:
        - matchPattern: "*"

Note

OpenShift users will need to modify the policies to match the namespace openshift-dns (instead of kube-system), remove the match on the k8s:k8s-app=kube-dns label, and change the port to 5353.

Let’s take a closer look at the policy:

The first egress section uses toFQDNs: matchName specification to allow egress to api.github.com. The destination DNS should match exactly the name specified in the rule. The endpointSelector allows only pods with labels class: mediabot, org:empire to have the egress access.
The second egress section (toEndpoints) allows mediabot pods to access kube-dns service. Note that rules: dns instructs Cilium to inspect and allow DNS lookups matching specified patterns. In this case, inspect and allow all DNS queries.

Note that with this policy the mediabot doesn’t have access to any internal cluster service other than kube-dns. Refer to Overview of Network Policy to learn more about policies for controlling access to internal cluster services.

Let’s apply the policy:

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cilium/cilium/1.14.2/examples/kubernetes-dns/dns-matchname.yaml

Testing the policy, we see that mediabot has access to api.github.com but doesn’t have access to any other external service, e.g., support.github.com.

$ kubectl exec mediabot -- curl -I -s https://api.github.com | head -1
HTTP/2 200

$ kubectl exec mediabot -- curl -I -s --max-time 5 https://support.github.com | head -1
curl: (28) Connection timed out after 5000 milliseconds
command terminated with exit code 28

DNS Policies Using Patterns

The above policy controlled DNS access based on exact match of the DNS domain name. Often, it is required to allow access to a subset of domains. Let’s say, in the above example, mediabot pods need access to any GitHub sub-domain, e.g., the pattern *.github.com. We can achieve this easily by changing the toFQDN rule to use matchPattern instead of matchName.

apiVersion: "cilium.io/v2"
kind: CiliumNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: "fqdn"
spec:
  endpointSelector:
    matchLabels:
      org: empire
      class: mediabot
  egress:
  - toFQDNs:
    - matchPattern: "*.github.com"
  - toEndpoints:
    - matchLabels:
        "k8s:io.kubernetes.pod.namespace": kube-system
        "k8s:k8s-app": kube-dns
    toPorts:
    - ports:
      - port: "53"
        protocol: ANY
      rules:
        dns:
        - matchPattern: "*"

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cilium/cilium/1.14.2/examples/kubernetes-dns/dns-pattern.yaml

Test that mediabot has access to multiple GitHub services for which the DNS matches the pattern *.github.com. It is important to note and test that this doesn’t allow access to github.com because the *. in the pattern requires one subdomain to be present in the DNS name. You can simply add more matchName and matchPattern clauses to extend the access. (See DNS based policies to learn more about specifying DNS rules using patterns and names.)

$ kubectl exec mediabot -- curl -I -s https://support.github.com | head -1
HTTP/1.1 200 OK

$ kubectl exec mediabot -- curl -I -s https://gist.github.com | head -1
HTTP/1.1 302 Found

$ kubectl exec mediabot -- curl -I -s --max-time 5 https://github.com | head -1
curl: (28) Connection timed out after 5000 milliseconds
command terminated with exit code 28

Combining DNS, Port and L7 Rules

The DNS-based policies can be combined with port (L4) and API (L7) rules to further restrict the access. In our example, we will restrict mediabot pods to access GitHub services only on ports 443. The toPorts section in the policy below achieves the port-based restrictions along with the DNS-based policies.

apiVersion: "cilium.io/v2"
kind: CiliumNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: "fqdn"
spec:
  endpointSelector:
    matchLabels:
      org: empire
      class: mediabot
  egress:
  - toFQDNs:
    - matchPattern: "*.github.com"
    toPorts:
    - ports:
      - port: "443"
        protocol: TCP
  - toEndpoints:
    - matchLabels:
        "k8s:io.kubernetes.pod.namespace": kube-system
        "k8s:k8s-app": kube-dns
    toPorts:
    - ports:
      - port: "53"
        protocol: ANY
      rules:
        dns:
        - matchPattern: "*"

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cilium/cilium/1.14.2/examples/kubernetes-dns/dns-port.yaml

Testing, the access to https://support.github.com on port 443 will succeed but the access to http://support.github.com on port 80 will be denied.

$ kubectl exec mediabot -- curl -I -s https://support.github.com | head -1
HTTP/1.1 200 OK

$ kubectl exec mediabot -- curl -I -s --max-time 5 http://support.github.com | head -1
curl: (28) Connection timed out after 5001 milliseconds
command terminated with exit code 28

Refer to Layer 4 Examples and Layer 7 Examples to learn more about Cilium L4 and L7 network policies.

Clean-up

kubectl delete -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cilium/cilium/1.14.2/examples/kubernetes-dns/dns-sw-app.yaml
kubectl delete cnp fqdn